Ekonomi 01: Ilmu Ekonomi dan Perilaku Ekonomi

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Permasalahan Ekonomi
01. Ekonomi
Berasal dari kata
Oikos rumah tangga
Nomos adalah ilmu
Ilmu utk memenuhi kebutuhan keluarga.

02
Kenapa dipelajari?
Karena kebutuhan kita banyak, gimana caranya memenuhi kebutuhan itu padahal Bumi punya sumber daya yg terbatas.

Masalah utama dlm ekonomi krn sumber daya terbatas:
1. What to produce: apa yg diproduksi dg bhn yg ada.
2. How? Gimana produksinya agar efisien dan efektif.
3. For whom? Buat siapa diproduksi?

03.
Kebutuhan dan keinginan-apa bedanya?
Kebutuhan jika tdk dipenuhi kualitas hidup berkurang.
Keinginan (blm tentu butuh tapi pengin)

Mengapa kebutuhan tdk terbatas?
1. Sifat alami: situasi yg berubah
2. Tingkat pendapatan
3. Lingkungan alam
4. Lingkungan sosial,
5. Tehnologi informasi.
6. Budaya dan kepercayaan
7. Perdagangan internasional.

04. Macam2 kebutuhan
Menurut intensitas:
1.Primer: sandang, pangan, papan
2.Sekunder: transportasi
3.Tersier: liburan, perhiasan

semua kebutuhan itu relatif karena kebutuhan tiap org beda

05. Kebutuhan menurut waktu:
Sekarang
Masa depan
Mendesak, misal krn sakit dan kecelakaan.


Menurut sifat:
Jasmani misal: makan, pakaian, olah raga
Rohani (intangible): sosialisasi

Menurut subjek:
Individu adalah kebutuhan perorangan
Kolektif , misalnya pembangunan jalan

06. Alat pemuas kebutuhan.
Goods/barang
Services/jasa

Menurut cara perolehannya
1. Barang ekonomi berarti ada harga dan pengorbanan.
2. Barang bebas misalnya udara
3. Barang illith kalau banyak jadi masalah, contoh air dan api.

Jenis kegunaan:
1. Barang konsumsi
2. Barang produksi misal mesin jahit, pabrik

Menurut proses produksi
1. Barang jadi contoh: piano, baju
2. Barang setengah jadi
3. Bahan mentah

Hubungan dg brg lain
1. Barang substitusi : kopi dg teh, ayam atau daging
2. Barang komplementer : kopi dg gula

07. Sumber daya
1. Sumber Daya Alam: emas, air, ikan
2. Sumber daya modal
    Uang
    Peralatan
    Manusia
   Teknologi dan informasi

Macam2 sumber daya modal berdasarkan...
1. Wujud : uang, barang/peralatan
2. Sifat : modal tetap misalnya mesin jahit
               Modal lancar:habis digunakan misalnya kain yg dibuat
               baju.
3. Subjek: perorangan dan kolektif
4. Bentuk: tangible (konkret) dan intangible misalnya reputasi
5. Sumber : milik sendiri, milik org lain

08 Scarcity/ langka
karena sumber daya terbatas mk terjadi kelangkaan.

09.Opportunity cost
Kalau uang terbatas harus memilih barang.
Rp. 10.000 bisa beli 2 buku @5000 atau es krim magnum @ 10.000
Membeli 1 magnum berarti mengorbankan buku. Buku ini disebut opportunity cost (yg dikorbankan krn uang terbatas)

Sebaliknya jika beli 2 buku maka es magnum jadi pengorbanannya.

10. Krn ada opportunity cost maka bisa diterapkan budget constraint (penetapan budget)

Motif ekonomi: alasan yg memotivasi utk melakukan kegiatan ekonomi
Kegiatan ekonomi: produksi, distribusi, konsumsi

Prinsip ekonomi: panduan utk melakukan kegiatan ekonomi utk menemukan perbandingan yg rasional antara pengorbanan dan hasil yg didapat.

Masalah ekonomi adalah krn kelangkaan sumber daya

Sistem Ekonomi: mekanisme, tata cara, aturan,ndan kebiasaan2 yg umum ditrima masyarakat utk menjawab masalah2 pokok ekonomi!
1. Sistem ekonomi tradisional   : produksi dan distribusinya sangat sederhana.
2. Sistem ekonomi terpusat (komando) pemerintah yg bertanggung jawab penuh.
3. Terbuka (pasar bebas)
    Peran pihak swasta
   Persaingan ketat
4. Sistem campuran: peran pemerintah dan swasta seimbang.
     UUD 45 pasal 33 landasan ekonomi indonesia

Peran Pelaku Ekonomi
Kegiatan ekonomi
1. Produksi menciptakan atau menambah nilai guna barang atau jasa.
2.Distribusi proses menyalurkan produksi ke konsumen.
3. Konsumsi: menggunakan atau mengurangi nilai barang

Pelaku Ekonomi
1. Rumah Tangga Produsen (RTP): memproduksi atau menambah nilai guna.
Peran RTP:
     1. Memproduksi
     2. Menggunakan faktor produksi spt SDM, SDA, modal,
          teknologi
     3. Agen pembangunan: membantu pemerintah dlm
          membangun ekonomi dg menciptakan lapangan pekerjaan

2. Rumah Tangga Konsumen (RTK)
    Perannya;
     1. Mengkonsumsi barang atau jasa
     2. Pemasok faktor produksi (krn mrk akan kerja atau
         menaruh modal yg juga adalah faktor produksi utk dpt
         uang)
   
3. Rumah Tangga Negara (Pemerintah)
    Perannya:
    1. Mengatur/ regulator utk menjamin kegiatan ekonomi agar
         bisa lancar.
    2. Konsumen. Pemerintah juga beli barang utk membangun.
    3. Produsen. Pemerintah memproduksi minyak dll.
    4. Agen pembangunan

4. Masyarakat Luar Negeri.
    1. Mitra perdagangan. Misal kita beli handphone dari China
        atau barang kita dijual ke luar negeri.
   2. Pasar tenaga kerja. Kira bisa kirim tenaga kerja ke luar
        negeri ataupun org asing yg kerja di Indonesia.
   3. Investor. Perusahaan asing beroperasi di Indonesia, spt
       Nestle, Shell, dll.
   4. Sumber pinjaman dan bantuan.

Apa hubungan para pelaku ekonomi?
(Circular Flow Diagram)
Ada 3 diagram
1. Hubungan Rumah Tangga Produksi dan Konsumsi
2. Hubungan RTP, RTK dan pemerintah.

Gambar diambil dr link berikut...
https://www.ekonomi-holic.com/2015/01/diagram-arus-kegiatan-ekonomi-circular.html

3. Hubungan RTP, RTK, Pemerintah, dan Masyarakat Internasional.
(Gambarnya sama dg no 2 tapi ditambah panah eksport dan import)




contoh soal Paket C ttg bahan ini

Perilaku konsumen

1. Memuaskan kebutuhan agar bisa tetap hidup

2. Utility adalah nilai guna barang utk memuaskan kebutuhan.

Marginal utility: 

Pendekatan Kardinal

ketika makan makanan enak saat lapar nilai kepuasan 10

Habis makan, nambah mkn yg sama, nilai kepuasan menurun jadi 5 (krn udah kenyang, jadi ga terlalu puas lagi)

Ini adalah hukum Gosen 1 atau the law of diminishing marginal utility (kepuasan akan menurun saat mengkonsumsi brg yg sama terus menerus) sedangkan ...

Hukum Gosen 2 adalah mempertahankan tingkat kepuasan tetap sama. Caranya gimana?

Jangan makan makanan yg sama tiap hari, meski enak pasti bosen juga. Jadi variasikan pilihan kita.

Pendekatan Ordinal 

Indifference Curve dan budget line (seperti  opportunity cost.)

Diordokan /diurutkan tingkat kepuasannya.

Marginal Rate of Substitution

Nah...sekarang kita beralih ke perilaku produsen

Perilaku Produsen

1. Memenuhi kebutuhan (dibuat krn butuh)

2. Faktor2 produksi ada 4 : Alam, tenaga kerja, modal, keahlian.

    1. Alam: tanah, air, udara dsb.

     2. Tenaga kerja:

           Kualitas: terdidik contoh dokter, insinyur

                      Terlatih: montir,supir

                      Tidak terdidik atau terlatih: penjaga sekolah.

          Sifat: rohani contohnya guru

                    Jasmani contohnya kuli bangunan

     3. Modal 

          Sumber: sendiri, asing

          Bentuk: konkret, abstrak

          Kepemilikan: individu, masyarakat

          Modal : tetap (spt mesin), lancar (yg habis)

     4. Keahlian: kemampuan utk menggunakan faktor2 produksi

Klarifikasi Faktor Produksi

Faktor produksi tetap dan variable.

Faktor produksi tetap: gedung, mesin

Faktor produksi variable: tenaga kerja, bahan baku

Kurva Isoquant

Adalah dg 2 faktor produksi yg bervariable tapi quantitynya sama.

Gunanya agar bisa memaksimalkan output.

Produk Total: jumlah semua output dlm periode tertentu, shg kita bisa hitung produk rata2

Perekonomian tertutup adalah perekonomian 2 sektor, yaitu RTK dan RTP yaitu Perusahaan (RTP) dan masyarakat (RTK)

Sebenarnya konsep ekonomi ini simple tapi kadang soal2nya opsinya membingungkan contohnya sbb:

Pelaku2 ekonomi berikut ini menjadi konsumen pada pasar faktor2 produksi, kecuali...

A.  Rumah tangga konsumen

B.  Pemerintah

C. Rumah Tangga Perusahaan Lain

D. Rumah Tangga Perusahaan

Sekilas sy jawab D...tapi setelah melihat kunci ternyata jawabannya A.

Knp begitu?

Maksud soal ini adalah...

Yg menjadi konsumen (pengguna) dalam pasar faktor produksi adalah...

Pemerintah pada posisi sbg produsen (misal membangun jalan) butuh faktor produksi (para pekerja)

RTP utk produksi butuh uang, tenaga kerja dll jadi dia konsumen dari faktor2 produksi juga.

Masyarakat internasional sbg produsen juga butuh faktor produksi utk membuat barang dan jasa, jadi dia konsumen dlm pasar faktor produksi juga.

• Yg tertinggal adalah opsi RTK, RTK tidak membutuhkan faktor produksi tapi dia supply uang, tenaga kerja, modal, dll. Jadi fungsi RTK dlmmpasar faktor produksi adalah sbg PEMASOK faktor produksi

Soal2....

1. Sesuatu yang diperoleh saat konsumen menambah satuan barang yang dikonsumsi merupakan kepuasan...
A. Dasar
B. Nilai barang
C. Marginal
D. Maksimal.

Jawabannya C yaitu kepuasan marginal

2. Pelaku2 ekonomi berikut ini menjadi konsumen pada pasar faktor2 produksi, kecuali...

A.  Rumah tangga konsumen

B.  Pemerintah

C. Rumah Tangga Perusahaan Lain

D. Rumah Tangga Perusahaan

jawabannya A.

3. Law of diminishing return (Perilaku Produsen)
Jika input ditingkatkan terus-menerus sementara faktor produksi yg lain tetap, akan mengakibatkan...
A.  output tidak akan mengalami perubahan.
B. Kenaikan output yg sebanding.
C. Penambahan output akan semakin lama semakin menurun.
D. Penurunan output yg signifikan.

Jawabannya C
Karena jika hanya satu saja faktor produksi ditingkatkan sedangkan yg lain tetap, maka terjadi ketidakseimbangan sistem produksi dan menyebabkan ketidak-efektifan dlm produksi

4. Pada teori guna ordinal, nilai kepuasan barang dan jasa diukur dalam bentuk...
A. Angka
B. Kurva
C. Grafik
D. Peringkat
E. Nominal

Jawabannya D karena ordinal atau ordo artinya pengelompokkan atau pengurutan.

5. Berdasarkan hukum Gossen II, setiap orang akan membagi-bagikan pendapatannya agar dapat memenuhi kebutuhannya yg beragam secara...
A. Seimbang
B. Teratur
C. Bergantian
D. Bersamaan

Jawabannya A seimbang sesuai dg yg dibutuhkan

                      

English Spealing n composition My Favorite TV show

My Favorite TV Show

Different types of TV shows

1.  Reality shows adalah program di mana pemainnya bukan bintang film/ aktor tapi orang biasa.             Misalnya: Bedah Rumah, 

2.  Talk shows adalah program yg acaranya ngobrol2 dan wawancara

     Contohnya: Kick Andy, Hitam Putih

3.  Soap operas adalah serial drama TV

     Contohnya: Meteor Garden, Uttaran

4.  News adalah berita, 

     Contoh; Liputan 6, Kabar Hari Ini, CNN News, 

5.  Sports adalah program olahraga

     Contoh: ESPN

6.  Animated Cartoons adalah film animasi atau kartun.

     Contoh: Sponge Bob, Donald Duck/Disney Cartoons

Do you like watching TV?

What kinds of programs do you like?

What is your favorite TV show?

Why do you like it?

What can you learn from it?

Where do you like to watch it?

With whom do you watch it?

What about the rest of your family? 

Does your father like the program you like?

What time do you usually watch TV?

How many hours do you spend to watch TV?

Are there many commercials when you watch your favorite program?

Here is the example of a composition about the program I like.

My favorite TV Show is Animal Planet. I can learn many things about animals.
Sometimes they so look funny that I want to touch them. But sometimes I can feel terrified because they look ferocious and dangerous, especially when they hunt and eat the preys.

From the show, I know that sometimes they live in a difficult environment. It is not easy for them to survive, but how they use their instinct to overcome the difficult condition is amazing.  Their wonderful ability reminds me how the Creator has equipped them to use instinct to find the way to survival.


1. What is my favorite TV show?
2. What is your favorite TV show?
3. What is your father's favorite TV shows?
4. Why do I like watching Animal Planet?
5. What do I think about animals?
6. Do you sometimes feel terrified too when you see wild animals hunt and eat the peys?
7. What can I learn from the shows?
8. What do animal have that help them to survive?

ENGLISH speaking composition A Stray Dog

A Stray Dog.

1. Are you afraid of dogs?
2. Do you have a dog at home?
3. What is his/her name?What are their names?
4. Do you like to play with it/them?
5. Why do people have dogs as pets?
6. What kind of dogs you think are beautiful and friendly?
7. Do you think it is cheap/ expensive to keep a dog?
8. Do you sometimes give your dog a shower?
9. Do you take your dog to salon?

Picture taken from:https://www.groupon.com/deals/holly-s-dog-salon-boutique

10. Have you ever seen a  dog that does not belong to anybody?
11. What feeling do you have for stray dogs?
12. When the dogs without owner become so many, what should the government do to control their population?
https://www.lilongwespca.org/index.php/what-we-do/community-vet-programmes/95-stray-dog-population-control
                                       

A Stray Dog

A friend of mine found a dog in the middle of a long sidewalk. It was a beautiful dog. The dog looked confused and lost. My friend came closer said "Pretty dog...come...come". The little white dog came closer and it did not refuse when my friend tried to carry her in her bossom.

She then called me and  said, " I can not adopt her, because I am working. I cannot take care of her. But she is really beautiful, like a small wolf. Come over and look at it yourself"

I hasitated, but my kids say "Come on mama..let's go and see the dog."

I looked at my husband. He nodded. And off we went over my friend's office.

The first time we saw her we fell in love with her. We agreed to adopt her...even though we had already had one dog.

The dog stayed with us for about 6 months.  Then we heard that somebody wanted a pet. She was willing to love Hatchi, as we named the dog. We thought we needed only one pet, so we gave Hatchi away.

Hatchi found a new owner, a new house, a new master who loved her.

We were happy to have had Hatchi in our house.  But we were also relieved that now we only had ONE pet to take care. The pet that would accept our only attention. Our old and faithful sausage  back dog, called Cameo.

1. Who found a white dog?
2. What does the dog look like?
3. What was the name of the white dog?
4. How long did Hatchi live with us?
5. Why did we gave Hatchi away?
6. How many dogs do we have now?
7. What color was Cameo?

English Speaking Composition- occupation

Occupations pictures

Picture taken from Google 

Beginner to upper beginner quetions:
Do you know what occupation these people have?
What do you want to be when you grow up?
What is your mother's job?
What is your father's job?
Do you like your father's job?
Do you like your mother's job?
Where does your father work?
When does your mother work?
Do you think a housewife is also an occupation?
What job do people avoid? (Garbageman or something...)
Why?
If we do not have them in our life, will our life be more difficult or easy?

Pictue taken from Google

More advanced level
What job would you like to have?
Why do you want this job?
How much money do you expect to get?
What training or education do you need.?
Where do you work? Indoor or outdoor?
What time do you have to go to work?
Does your work will require you to go out of town?
Do you like working with machines or people? Why?
What are the challenges of the work?
Have you ever asked someone else about the challenges of the work they have? (Ask what they do not like about the job?

Now you can try to write a composition to sum up our discussion
For example:

My Dream

When I grow up I want to be an architec because I like making houses. I want to build my own house. Even now I often build many houses using building blocks. I think it is a fun job.

I do not want to be a doctor because a doctor is very busy. My father is a doctor. Sometimes he has to work from evening to the next morning.

My father likes his job very much though,  because he likes to save people. He does not mind staying up late when there's an emergency patient. So even though I do not want to be a doctor, I am proud of him because he knows how to cure us when we are sick.

How about you?
What do you want to be?

DACHSHUND

Hello everyone,  I want to talk about Dachshund breed dogs

                         

                                 

   

Characteristics of a Dachshund:

-long (like a sausage)

-short (like a lamborghini)

-long ears that can't stand up/perk up

One of the nicknames of this dog is WIENER or SAUSAGE dog.

This is my dog, Cameo. She is 10 right now. She was born in 2008.

English Speaking composition Making Composition

                            MAKING A COMPOSITION

Making composition is a difficult thing to do for me because I DON'T LIKE it. I think this is a skill that not every one has. And NOT every one was born to be a story writer or a journalist. The same thing, some people were not born to be painters and singers etc. When we are trying to do the things we were not born to, sometimes the result is chaos. And someone will say about you: " The way you sing is out of tune, the picture you draw is not good, or the writing you wrote in boring..."

SO are we not supposed to do things that we are not talented to??

OF COURSE NOT...

A mother who is not a chef can not always eat out to prepare food for the family... sometimes there are times when she has to cook herself when the family do not have time to go out to eat or when somebody in the family is sick at home.

A father who cannot sew does not mean he can not hep himself to button the loosed button or sew the small torn of a piece of clothes....

Somebody who always sings out of tune....when he/she is sad, is it NOT allowed to sing a consolation song? Or when the person is happy to sing his/her favorite song, does anybody should prevent him/her from singing?

I do not think our society will treat him/her they way they treat Cacofonix in Asterix's books... :)

credit picture: re-uploaded from Google site... 

So the same thing with composition, one day you will be faced in a condition when you need to write or compose. So WHY not try once in a while to write a composition, just to make your mind sharp and clear??

The benefit of composition

One good thing about making composition is that it makes you think more clearly, because you have to write it down, and you will re-read your composition and maybe you can CHANGE your mind or you alter the WAY to say it because you want to make it clearer or softer, rather than being too straightforward or being too frank....

Why making composition is good? When  you write you will ask the following questions...

1. What is the PURPOSE of the writing. WHY are you writing that composition.

2. WHO is the audience. Are you directing your writing to a specific group of people or people in general.

3. HOW you can make the composition understandable?

4. WHAT evidence you can present to support your opinion. Think about mentioning statistics, articles or expert opinions to support your writing.

Bearing those things in mind, you will judge your own writing and make changes that you think necessary to make the writing more appealing, interesting and clearer.

Have your ever heard the saying: PUT IT IN WRITING... Yes, it is a saying that is correct because we may forget what we have agreed with someone else. By putting it in writing we are trying to make it clear the details of the agreement to avoid misunderstanding in the future.

To some extent writing a composition will train you to put your thoughts in writing the way other people can understand it.

Even when you think that you are not a good writer, why don't you start writing your thoughts and experience in writing? I am sure someday you will cherish one or many many of your own writings.


The following is an example simple composition...

My Favorite TV Show

foto credit Animal Planet

My favorite TV Show is Animal Planet. I can learn many things about animals.
Sometimes they so look funny that I want to touch them. But sometimes I can feel terrified because they look ferocious and dangerous, especially when they hunt and eat the preys.

From the show, I know that sometimes they live in a difficult environment. It is not easy for them to survive, but how they use their instinct to overcome the difficult condition is amazing.  Their wonderful ability reminds me how the Creator has equipped them to use instinct to find the way to survival.

Beda Waktu Jakarta dg beberapa kota lain

  Jakarta lebih lambat 1 jam daripada kota2 berikut:
  Contoh: Di Jakarta jam 10,di Shanghai jam 11
 
Semua kota di China terletak dlm satu zona waktu dan beda 1 jam lebih cepat daripada Jakarta.
kota2 sbb:
Beijing
Changchun
Chengdu
Chongjin
Dalian
Guangzhou
Guiyang
Haerbin
Nanjin
Shanghai
Shenyang
Tianjin
Xi an

Hong Kong
Macau

Ulan Batur (Mongol)

Dan kota2 lain yg beda 1 jam lebih cepat
Taipei, Taiwan
Singapura
Kuala Lumpur

Dan yg juga 1 jam lebih cepat dp Jakarta adalah
Denpasar, Bali

Lihat info di link berikut
https://www.convertworld.com/id/zona-waktu/xian-cina.html